Hemoglobin S Screening Test in Hawaii

What this test measures

Hemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells. In sickle cell disease, a mutation produces hemoglobin S, which can make red blood cells stiff and crescent-shaped under low-oxygen conditions. These cells can block blood flow and break down early, leading to anemia and episodes of pain. The screening test detects the presence of hemoglobin S but does not by itself distinguish between trait and disease.

Screening is typically done with a blood sample. Initial methods may include solubility or other rapid techniques, and abnormal screening results are confirmed with a more definitive method such as hemoglobin electrophoresis or high-performance liquid chromatography. These follow-up methods identify the exact hemoglobin pattern, which separates sickle cell trait from the disease.

Newborn screening programs test for sickle cell disease so that care can begin early. Older children and adults may be tested when symptoms suggest the condition, when there is a family history, or when someone wants to know their carrier status before having children. Genetic counseling and a qualified healthcare provider can explain the implications of the result.